James Joyce (1882–1941) was an Irish novelist and poet whose famous concluding lines of Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man—“I go to encounter for the millionth time the reality of experience and to forge in the smithy of my soul the uncreated conscience of my race”—were borne out in works that helped raise Irish identity beyond the oppression of British rule—Ulysses, Finnegans Wake, The Dubliners. Within a generation, Joyce and his works became the signal Irish institution on the global stage.