William Dean Howells (1837–1920) was an editor, poet, critic, playwright, author of novels and short stories, biographer, and travel writer. He took on all areas of literature and used them as a means not only of critiquing the issues of his time but also of defining and establishing American realism. The Rise of Silas Lapham was his best-known work, but his reputation really took off with the realist novel A Modern Instance. Howell was among the first chosen for the American Academy of Arts and Letters.